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Garbo-archive-name: garbo.uwasa.fi:pc/doc-net/ftp-list.zip
Last-Modified: 10-Dec-93
Version: 2.4.3
Anonymous FTP
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) List
Suggestions for changes and comments are always welcome.
** Updated News:
Tom Czarnik has stopped maintaining this list.
The last version he released was 2.4.2 of 29-Apr-93.
Starting with version 2.4.3 this FAQ and the Anonymous FTP
site list are maintained by Perry Rovers (Perry.Rovers@kub.nl)
This version is an interim version. Future releases will be
available as plain text files from rtfm.mit.edu (I hope).
Copyright 1993, Perry Rovers -- Text may be quoted without permission,
however please advise me of the target publication. Free distribution.
[Start Of File]
======================================================================
I keep a directory of Internet sites accepting Anonymous FTP and mail
retrieval of their files.
Topics are shown below and with their respective answers.
Format: (Q#) for a question and (A#) for the answer.
(1) What is and how do I use the FTP program?
(2) What types of FTP information are available?
(3) What is the most current version?
(4) Retrieving the listings via email.
(5) Using FTP without direct Internet access.
(6) Getting help when you have problems with a site.
(7) Getting a site listed or changes made.
(8) What is Archie and how does it relate to the list?
(9) Using Gopher to access archives.
(Q1) What is and how do I use the FTP program?
(A1) For novices to the Internet, I highly recommend a good book,
'The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog' by Ed Krol. It is
written clearly and contains an enormous amount of information. Read
it cover to cover, and keep it close at hand. Published by O'Reilly &
Asscociates, it is available from many computer bookstores or
O'Reilly's worldwide distributors. Contact the publisher at +1 707-
829-0515 (USA), e-mail to nuts@ora.com will work as well I guess.
Unfortunately, this book is already outdated (as the sitelist is
probably), but it still offers an invaluable resource and manual for
novices and more experienced Internet users. Other books are 'The
Internet Companion','Internet: Getting Started' and a lot more. Look
for them in your local bookstore. Almost all of the information in
these books is also available on-line through various documents like
the MaasInfo files, Zen and the Art of the Internet, The HitchHiker's
Guide to the Internet, the on- line version of
The.Internet.Companion, the Internet Resource Guide and a whole
number of FAQs, RFCs and the like. The MaasInfo files appear to be
the most recent of these kind of files (look for info on where to get
them in the sitelisting itself).
The information below was originally maintained by John Granrose (the
old maintainer of the listings). Mike Jones added the info about the
existence and location of the compression data chart maintained by
David Lemson. Tom Czarnik added some as well and I have made some
changes too.
By:
John Granrose
Mike Jones
Tom Czarnik
Perry Rovers
This is not a definitive guide to FTP, but will give a novice a
general idea of what it is and how to do it.
What is FTP?
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows a person to transfer files
between two computers, generally connected via the Internet. If
your system has FTP and is connected to the Internet, you can
access very large amounts of archives available on a number of
systems. If you are on Bitnet or a UUCP host, you should look
for servers that work through the mail. A good source of
information on archives in general, is the Usenet newsgroup
comp.archives.
What is Anonymous FTP?
Many systems throughout the Internet offer files through
anonymous FTP. This means that you can access a machine
without having to have an account on that machine. These
anonymous FTP servers contain software, documents of various
sorts, and files for configuring networks. Archives for
electronic mailing lists are often stored on and available
through anonymous FTP. Note that all this is subject to change.
Commands
All the normal FTP commands may be used to retrieve files. Some
FTP commands are the same on different computers, but others
are not.
Usually, FTP will list the commands if you type 'help' or type a
question mark (?). Also, your computer's help command may have
information about FTP. Try 'man ftp', 'man ftpd' or 'help ftp'.
Some useful commands available on most systems include:
get copy a file from the remote computer to yours
mget copy multiple files from the remote computer to yours
ls/dir list the files in the current directory on the remote
computer
cd Change the directory on the remote computer
binary Switch to binary mode. For transferring binary files
like .ZIP files, .Z files and the like
ascii Switch to ascii mode. Ascii mode is the default mode
and used for transferring text files
Procedure
Anonymous FTP is a facility offered by many machines on the
Internet.
This permits you to log in with the user name 'anonymous' or the
user name 'ftp'. When prompted for a password, type your e-mail
address -- it's not necessary, but it's a courtesy for those
sites that like to know who is making use of their facility. Be
courteous.
You can then look around and retrieve files. (Most anonymous ftp
sites do not permit people to store files).
Typically, a directory called 'pub' is where the interesting
things are stored. Some sites will have a file with a name
like ls-lR, that contains a complete list of the files on
that site. Otherwise, you can type ls -lR and get such a listing
-- for some sites, this can take a LONG time.
Usually, files are grouped in archive files, so you don't have
to get many small files separately. The most common archival
file formats for the Internet are tar and zip. Occasionally,
people use shell archives (shar) instead. Tar archives can
be unpacked by running the 'tar' command on a Unix system
(tar exists also for DOS, VMS and a whole bunch of other
Operating Systems) -- you may want to first do a 'tar t'
on the file to see what it contains before unpacking it.
Be careful when unpacking shell archives since they have to be
run through the Bourne shell to unpack them. (The simplest
way is to use the unshar command). For .zip files use zip
and unzip (or pkzip/pkunzip), which are available for all
Operating Systems.
Files are often stored compressed -- for Unix, the most common
scheme is the compress program, indicated by a .Z suffix
on the file name. Sometimes, people use programs like Arc,
Zoo or Zip, which are combined archival and compression
formats. (There are other archival formats as well - talk to
the systems staff if you encounter them and don't know how
to deal with them)
When retrieving non-text files, you must use binary mode,
otherwise the file gets messed up. To do this, use the
'binary' command. (It's safe to set this for text files.
If the site at the other end is non-Unix, you may need to
use some other mode -- see the documents
for that site and for FTP)
The simplest way to initiate FTP would be to give the command
'ftp <system-name>'. The <system-name> is the remote
system you are connecting to, either a name like garbo.uwasa.fi,
if you have an entry in /etc/hosts or are accessing a Domain
Name Server or the Internet address 128.214.87.1 for Garbo (if
this sentence doesn't seem to make sense just try: ftp
garbo.uwasa.fi or ftp 128.214.87.1 and look what happens)
After a short wait, you will be prompted for your username. If
you do not have an account on the remote system, some systems
allow you to use 'anonymous'. This gives you a restricted
access path (meaning that you can only run certain commands
like 'dir' or 'ls' and are allowed only access to certain
directories like 'pub').
You would then be prompted for a password. Some systems will
tell you to send your real identity as the password. What you
type doesn't matter, but it is suggested to give your mail
address. This as a courtesy to the archive maintainers, they
would like to know who's using their system. Other systems
need a password of 'guest', or something similar. DO NOT
TYPE A PASSWORD THAT YOU USE ON YOUR OWN SYSTEM.
After that, you should receive the FTP prompt ( usually ftp> )
and have access. You can get a directory of files by giving a
'dir' command or if the remote system is Unix-based,
'ls -l' will give the familiar output. On Garbo, there is a
file available in the default anonymous ftp directory that
explains what Garbo is and where files are located. Look
for 00-index.txt files or something similar.
Unix systems will all have the same directory structure, and
moving around is done with the 'cd' or 'cwd' command.
TOPS-20, VAX/VMS, DOS VM/CMS and other systems have a different
structure, but movement is still accomplished with the 'cd'
command.
TOPS-20 has directories of the form: DISK:<DIR1.DIR2>, VAX/VMS
has directories of the form DISK:[DIR1.DIR2] (use cd [-] instead
of cd .. and cd [.DIR1] instead of cd dir1). DOS, OS/2 and
Windows NT look like Unix but have shorter directory names.
VM/CMS has mini-disks that can be accessed with the CD command.
Different systems have different organizations for their files,
and the above example is the way most archives have it set up.
By looking around other systems, you can learn how their files
are arranged and move around much faster. Note, however,
that FTP will not allow you outside the FTP 'root' directory.
Moving about the entire system is not permitted. You will
get 'Permission denied' messages.
These are the most common file types:
SUFFIX FTP TYPE
------ --------
.arc bin ARChive
.arj bin Arj
.gif bin Graphics Interchange Format
.gz bin GNU Zip (not compatible with Zip,
found on some sites as .z)
.hqx bin HQX
.jpg bin JPEG (graphics format)
.lzh bin LHa
.shar ascii SHell ARchive
.sit bin Stuff-It
.tar bin Tape ARchive
.uu ascii uuencode/uudecode (also .uue)
.Z bin compress
.zip bin Zip
.zoo bin Zoo
To get a list of all file compression/archiving methods and the
programs to uncompress/unarchive (on the PC, Mac, Unix, VAX/VMS,
VM/CMS, Atari ST and Amiga systems), FTP to the following sites
and retrieve the listed file:
ftp.cso.uiuc.edu directory: /doc/pcnet/compression
This could be helpful to people new to FTP that don't know how
to unpackage the file they have just transferred.
Also check out the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Lists and
other periodical postings in the news.answers group. Especially
the comp.graphics and the different Operating Systems FAQs
(Unix, VMS etc.) can be very handy.
(Q2) What types of FTP information are available?
(A2) FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions List about FTP
SITELIST - Comprehensive Information, containing:
o Site name
o Country
o Date of last modification
o GMT difference (+/-)
o Source of last update
o Administrative e-mail address
o Organization maintaining FTP site
o Email Server if available and instructions for use
o System Type
o Comments
o Types of Files
(Q3) What is the most current version?
(A3) Look in the Version: line in the top of this file or retrieve
the file ftp-list.zip from garbo.uwasa.fi in directory /pc/doc-net
or from oak.oakland.edu in directory /pub/msdos/info
(Q4) Retrieving the list from alternate sources.
(A4) 1) Pick it up from anonymous FTP archives; look for 'ftp-list'
in the SITELIST file. Be warned, many sites carry John
Granrose's or Tom Czarniks's old FTP listing (pre-Jan-92 and
Apr-93) and these files are outdated. It will take a while
for this version to spread, but the following sites always
carry the latest version:
Europe - garbo.uwasa.fi as /pc/doc-net/ftp-list.zip
U.S. - oak.oakland.edu as /pub/msdos/info/ftp-list.zip
[ contains FAQ & SITELIST in PKZip 2.x archive ]
2) Send me mail: Perry.Rovers@kub.nl. State how you need it sent
and I'll get to it you ASAP. Probably the FAQ and SITELIST
files will be made available by mail from rtfm.mit.edu in
a while as well.
(Q5) Using FTP without direct Internet access.
(A5) It is possible to get files from a site by using a general mail
server. Many sites have their own servers. If you're on BITNET, ask
your sysadmin or technical support group about PUCC (or send mail
with a body of 'help' (no quotes, and nothing else) to BITFTP@PUCC)
For non-BITNET sites, try using DEC's mail server. Send mail to
ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com with 'help' (no quotes) in the body of the
letter.
You CANNOT send a blank letter, commands are not optional.
Other servers that might be closer and provide the same service are:
- ftpmail@cs.uow.edu.au
- ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de
- ftpmail@grasp.insa-lyon.fr
- ftpmail@src.doc.ic.ac.uk
Requests for the ftpmail servers are of the form:
open <site>
cd <directory>
dir # To obtain a directory listing
get <file> # To retrieve a file
quit
NOTE: Please make sure your system admin has approved the the use of
a mail server, as files can take system resources of not only
your site, but several sites up the stream.
(Q6) Problems with a site.
(A6) Mail the problems to the admin address shown in the Sites list.
If an address is not shown, attempt to use 'ftp@site_name'; replace
'site_name' with the name of the troublesome site. If it's very
urgent, try sending a not describing the problem to
postmaster@site_name.
If that fails, post a note to comp.archives.admin (the newsgroup for
archive administrators).
(Q7) Getting a site listed or changes made.
(A7) Send mail to Perry.Rovers@kub.nl
Include the information stated below, in the body of the
letter.
Needed information
o Site name (and aliases you want listed).
o GMT difference (include DST if appropriate).
o Manager(s) full name & email address(es) (not made public if
you don't want it)
o Administrative address used for FTP related issues by the
general public (like ftp@site_name)
o Site's country of operations, preferably location within
country as well
o Organization operating site.
o Is an E-mail server available and how can help be retrieved?
o Comments (restrictions and the like if any)
o General description of the types of files available, special
directories etc.
(Q8) What is Archie and how does it relate to FTP?
(A8) Archie is a special server that keeps file listings from
different FTP sites. You can Telnet to a server (login with username
'archie') or use a client program to search for specific files.
Here are some sites; send mail to 'archie@site_name' for a help file.
archie.au* 139.130.4.6 Australia
archie.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at* 140.78.3.8 Austria
archie.univie.ac.at* 131.130.1.23 Austria
archie.uqam.ca* 132.208.250.10 Canada
archie.funet.fi 128.214.6.100 Finland
archie.th-darmstadt.de* 130.83.22.60 Germany
archie.ac.il* 132.65.6.15 Israel
archie.unipi.it* 131.114.21.10 Italy
archie.wide.ad.jp 133.4.3.6 Japan
archie.kr* 128.134.1.1 Korea
archie.sogang.ac.kr* 163.239.1.11 Korea
archie.rediris.es* 130.206.1.2 Spain
archie.luth.se* 130.240.18.4 Sweden
archie.switch.ch* 130.59.1.40 Switzerland
archie.ncu.edu.tw* 140.115.19.24 Taiwan
archie.doc.ic.ac.uk* 146.169.11.3 United Kingdom
archie.unl.edu 129.93.1.14 USA (NE)
archie.internic.net* 198.48.45.10 USA (NJ)
archie.rutgers.edu* 128.6.18.15 USA (NJ)
archie.ans.net* 147.225.1.10 USA (NY)
archie.sura.net* 128.167.254.179 USA (MD)
To get a list, type: telnet archie.ans.net
and login as 'archie' (no quotes) and type 'servers' (again, no quotes).
Of course you can also try a server somewhat closer but this list
is from archie.ans.net
(Q9) Using Gopher to access archives.
(A9) Some sites offer retrieval of their FTP archives through Gopher,
a browser for the Internet. You can use a so-called Gopher client
program to connect to a Gopher server (in this case the Gopher server
of the ftp-site). Type 'gopher' on your system to see if Gopher is
installed. Most of the time this will bring up a menu system from
which you have several choices. Check the help pages for instructions
or ask a local system administrator or helpdesk on how to use it.
If Gopher does not appear to be installed, ask your local helpdesk
why it isn't. Installing Gopher on your system consists of getting
a client program for your Operating System and installing it.
You can get client programs for Gopher for several Operating Systems
from boombox.micro.umn.edu in directory /pub/gopher and from lots of
other sites around the world (check the SITELIST for more sites).
Read the Usenet newsgroup comp.infosystems.gopher for more info.
If a site supports Gopher, this info can be found in the Comments:
line in the SITELIST file.
======================================================================
[End Of File]